再议中间人滞留行贿款行为的定性/林竹静

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-01 08:41:20   浏览:9027   来源:法律资料网
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再议中间人滞留行贿款行为的定性

林竹静

案情:
2003年5月,张某因夫妻长期两地分居,生活不便,急欲调往丈夫所在的某市工作,但因不符合某市人事调动的条件一直未能调成。张某经打听得知某市主管人事调动的是赵书记,便多次上门送钱送物,均被退回。李某(系张某丈夫的朋友)得知情况后,主动到张某家声称自己和赵书记关系密切,愿意帮忙。张某将3万元现金交给李某,让李某送给赵书记,并言明工作调成之后,重谢李某。李某拿钱到赵书记家讲明来意,赵书记拒绝收受3万元现金,还告诉李某:“张某的调动问题无法解决。”李某因夸下海口,怕失了面子,就将3万元存入自己的帐户,并告诉张某说赵书记已经收了现金,让她等等。后张某因工作未能调成,多次找李某询问,李某则一再推诿。案发时,李某仍未退款。
此案的定性分析首见于2004年3月28日,苏云峰、金舟民、徐宣哲三同志在《检察日报》第3628期“今日案牍”栏目撰写“中间人截留行贿款应如何定性”一文,认为中间人截留行贿款应定介绍贿赂罪(未遂)和侵占罪。随后有:周华平、李清同志于正义网(http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n203/ca227575.htm)上发表的文章与之商榷。
笔者原则上同意苏、金、徐三同志的案件定性,在论证上试再补充如下:
案件定性:
行为人可能构成介绍贿赂罪 (未遂) 和侵占罪
(同“中间人截留行贿款应如何定性”一文)
定罪理由:
一 “代为行贿”的定性
中间人代为行贿的行为构成介绍贿赂罪(未遂),我们可以把这个行为看成是行贿罪的帮助犯,但刑法既然在行贿罪后又特别规定了介绍贿赂罪,根据特别法条优先,应适用本条。
对此理由,《中间人截留行贿款应如何定性》已有充分分析,笔者赞同此观点。
周、李同志文章认为:“首先,介绍贿赂罪没有未遂形态,是一种结果犯,如果行贿受贿没有实现,当然不构成介绍贿赂罪。……其次,介绍贿赂罪的构成必须属“情节严重”,行贿受贿没有成功,表明介绍贿赂所侵害的客体,即国家工作人员的职务廉洁性并没有被破坏,情节不属严重。因此本案不具备介绍贿赂罪所要求的客观结果。”笔者认为:1、介绍贿赂罪并非结果犯。结果犯作为法理分类,其定义为:不仅要有犯罪构成客观要件行为,而且必须发生法定的犯罪结果才能构成即遂的犯罪。我们反观介绍贿赂罪的法条规定:“向国家工作人员介绍贿赂,情节严重的,……”构成犯罪。其并没有犯罪结果上贿赂成功的要求。周、李同志认为,行贿受贿没有成功,表明介绍贿赂所侵害的客体,即国家工作人员的职务廉洁性并没有被破坏,情节不属严重。笔者并不赞同,情节严重既可包括行贿成功的即遂,也可以包括其他情况,如介绍行贿对象、介绍行贿次数等。我们可以参考《立案标准(试行)》第1条第7款规定的情形:(1)为使行贿人获取非法利益而介绍贿赂的;(2)3次以上或为3人以上介绍贿赂的;(3)向党政领导、司法工作人员、行政执法人员介绍贿赂的。这些都可以视为情节严重,并不以介绍行贿成功为已足。
二 “私吞贿款”的定性
笔者同意《中间人截留行贿款应如何定性》一文的结论,但认为其论证并没有深入问题的核心,这就引起了周、李同志在商榷文章中的诘难:构成侵占罪的前提一方面要求该财物属“他人”合法占有,另一方面行为人基于委托而合法持有。……因此,本案不具备构成侵占罪的必要前提条件。
笔者认为,要论证该行为是否构成侵占罪要解决的问题主要是:1中间人对钱款是否“代为保管”,2,钱款的性质是否影响中间人行为的定性。3是否满足数额较大,拒不退还条件。
(一)本案中,行贿人把钱交给中间人代为行贿能否看成是“代为保管”?笔者认为,“代为保管”即财物所有人自愿将其所有物交由代管人持有、管理,财物所有人当然也可以请求代管人代为处分财物(本案中的行贿即是对托管财物的处分,当然这种处分是非法的。对此,刑法已分别以行贿罪和介绍贿赂罪加以规置处罚,但该处分行为的违法性并不妨碍另一个行为——“侵占”的刑事评价,对此下文再作论述)。侵占罪中“将代为保管的他人财物非法占为己有,数额较大,拒不退还的,……”所强调的侵占行为所表现的本质是托管人对他人所有财物“起于合法取得,终于非法占有”,本案中,中间人先经所有权人同意取得钱款,而后私占钱款的行为是符合本罪这一本质特性的。
(二)在诠释了“代为保管”的含义后,要解决的核心问题是:代他人行贿本身就属于违法犯罪行为,该“委托代理行为”因其违法性在民法上是自始无效的,既然“代为管理关系”无效,如何再适用侵占罪相关“将代为保管的他人财物非法占为己有……”之规定?
周、李同志认为:一旦交给李某用于贿赂,其资金性质就发生了本质的变化,由合法财产转入非法状态,因为这笔资金已经被其合法占有人用于非法目的,从事非法活动,是一笔非法资金,李某的持有也属于非法持有。这正如用于贩卖毒品的毒资和用于赌博的赌资一样,司法机关在查处中对其应予以没收而非退还。而被侵占的财物追回后是应该退还给被侵占人的。因此,本案不具备构成侵占罪的必要前提条件。(原文摘抄)
笔者认为:刑法注重的是对行为人“行为”的评价,刑法个罪是对某一危害社会行为的规制,其着眼点在于“行为”,而绝非行为涉及之物(钱款),及基于物上的各种错综的社会关系。落实到本案,用刑法的眼光观察,可能涉及犯罪的行为有二,一是“代为行贿”的行为,对此上文已有述及,以介绍贿赂罪定。二是“私吞贿款”行为,私吞他人贿款的行为正是刑法侵占罪关注的焦点,侵占罪要处罚的是中间人“将代为保管的他人财物非法占为己有”的行为,原因是这一行为体现了“非法占有他人财物”的本质而非其它,如钱款是否合法用途,委托关系是否自始有效等。因此上述“代为行贿”行为在民法上自始无效并不影响之后行为人在“私吞贿款”行为中表现的非法占有他人财物的本质特征。再如小偷偷钱,“偷”是刑法处罚之着眼点,即成立犯罪,而不问钱本身是否来源清白,失主是否是钱的合法所有权人等。
周、李同志认为:侵占的财物追回后是应该退还给被侵占人的,而本案中对该笔贿赂款,司法机关在查处中对其应予以没收而非退还。故本案不具备构成侵占罪的必要前提条件。在这里,周、李同志把两种不同的刑事法律关系错误的合二为一了。即,侵占涉及的刑事法律关系;贿赂涉及的刑事法律关系。再举小偷偷钱的例子,小偷偷了强盗抢劫来的钱,能因为钱的来路不正,应该没收国库而不定罪吗?而且,侵占罪着眼点是对侵占行为的规置,刑法也并没有把侵占罪对象限定在“他人合法拥有且合法使用的财物”(刑法规定即“他人财物”)。所以,侵占他人贿赂款同样要受处罚,至于贿赂款最终要收缴国库,是基于“贿赂”而作的处罚,于“侵占”无涉,不影响定罪。
最后,本案中李某侵占数额已达三万,且“后张某因工作未能调成,多次找李某询问,李某则一再推诿。案发时,李某仍未退款。”可以认定为侵占罪。










涉及法条
侵占罪
第二百七十条将代为保管的他人财物非法占为己有,数额较大,拒不退还的,处二年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者罚金;数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的,处二年以上五年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
将他人的遗忘物或者埋藏物非法占为己有,数额较大,拒不交出的,依照前款的规定处罚。
本条罪,告诉的才处理。
介绍贿赂罪
第三百九十二条向国家工作人员介绍贿赂,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。介绍贿赂人在被追诉前主动交待介绍贿赂行为的,可以减轻处罚或者免除处罚。
《人民检察院直接受理立案侦查案件立案标准(试行)》的第1条第7款:“介绍个人向国家工作人员行贿,数额在2万元以上的,介绍单位向国家工作人员行贿,数额在20万元以上的;介绍贿赂数额不满上述标准,但具有下列情形之一的:(1)为使行贿人获取非法利益而介绍贿赂的;(2)3次以上或为3人以上介绍贿赂的;(3)向党政领导、司法工作人员、行政执法人员介绍贿赂的;(4)致使国家或社会利益受到重大损失的。”《标准》第4条第2款规定:“本规定中有关犯罪数额‘不满’,是指接近该数额且已达到该数额的80%以上。”


作者单位:浙南律师事务所,华东政法学院
联系方式:wlviolet2000@163.net


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境外金融机构管理办法(附英文)

人民银行


境外金融机构管理办法(附英文)

1990年4月13日,人民银行

第一条 为了加强境外金融机构的管理,保障金融事业的健康发展,制定本办法。
第二条 中国境内银行、非银行金融机构(以下统称境内金融机构),非金融性公司、企业及其他组织(以下统称境内非金融机构),境外中资银行、非银行金融机构(以下统称境外中资金融机构)和境外非金融性中资公司、企业及其他组织(以下统称境外中资非金融机构),投资设立或者收购境外金融机构,必须遵守本办法的规定。
前款所称境外金融机构是指境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构和非金融机构在境外设立或者收购的从事存款、贷款、票据贴现、结算、信托投资、金融租赁、担保、保险、证券经营等项金融业务的机构。
第三条 设立或者收购境外金融机构的审批管理机关为中国人民银行。
第四条 境内金融机构申请设立或者收购境外金融机构,应当具备下列条件:
(一)经国务院或者中国人民银行批准,依法登记注册,并持有中国人民银行颁发的《经营金融业务许可证》;
(二)经国家外汇管理局批准经营外汇业务,持有国家外汇管理局颁发的《经营外汇业务许可证》,并有三年以上经营外汇业务经验和与其经营业务相适应的专业人员;
(三)有合法的外汇资金来源;
(四)有不低于八千万元人民币等值外汇的自有资金。
第五条 境内非金融机构申请设立或者收购境外金融机构,应当具备下列条件:
(一)经有关部门批准成立,依法登记注册的大型公司、企业;
(二)在境外设有集团性公司、企业或者其他大型企业,并有较好的基础和盈利前景;
(三)经主管部门同意在境外设立金融机构,并有不低于一亿元人民币等值外汇的自有资金;
(四)有与其经营金融业务及外汇业务相适应的专业人员。
第六条 境外中资金融机构和非金融机构申请设立或者收购境外金融机构,应当具备下列条件:
(一)经主管部门批准,依法在境外设立,有正式批准文件和在当地合法营业的证明材料;
(二)拟设机构地区中资金融机构力量较弱,有必要设立金融机构;
(三)所提申请符合有关国家或者地区的法律。
第七条 设立或者收购境外金融机构依照下列规定申报批准:
(一)境内金融机构在境外设立代表机构、分支机构,设立中资、中外合资金融机构或者收购境外金融机构,由中国人民银行批准;
(二)境内非金融机构在境外设立中资、中外合资金融机构或者收购境外金融机构,由主管部门征求经贸部意见并审核同意后,报中国人民银行批准;
(三)境外中资金融机构和非金融机构,设立或者收购境外金融机构,由其境内投资单位征求经贸部意见后报中国人民银行批准。
第八条 在境外设立或者收购金融机构,应当由其境内投资单位向中国人民银行提出申请,申请书需载明拟设立或者收购金融机构的名称、营业范围、条件和必要性等,经中国人民银行审核立项后,依照本办法的规定提交申请文件。
中国人民银行对申请单位提交的申请文件进行审查,并在接到申请文件之日起三个月内决定批准或者不批准。
第九条 经批准设立或者收购的境外金融机构,应当由其境内投资单位持中国人民银行批准文件,依照有关规定到国家外汇管理局办理外汇汇出手续。
第十条 境内金融机构申请在境外设立代表机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位的主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设代表机构的名称,住所,首席代表、代表简历;
(二)设立代表机构的费用预算和外汇来源证明。
第十一条 境内金融机构申请在境外设立分支机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设分支机构的名称,住所,营业资金数额,经营业务种类,主要负责人简历等;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十二条 境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构、非金融机构申请在境外设立中资金融机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设中资金融机构名称,住所,注册资本和实有资本,资金来源,经营业务种类,主要负责人简历等;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十三条 境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构、非金融机构申请在境外设立中外合资金融机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位的主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟设中外合资金融机构的名称,住所,注册资本和实有资本,经营业务种类,合资各方的名称和出资比例,中方资金来源、主要负责人简历等;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)合资各方草签的合资协议、合同和章程;
(四)可行性研究报告;
(五)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十四条 境内金融机构、非金融机构及境外中资金融机构、非金融机构申请收购境外金融机构,应当提交下列文件:
(一)申请单位主要负责人签署的申请报告,其内容包括:拟收购的金融机构的名称,住所,章程,总资本和总资产数额,机构及人员状况,财务状况,收购原因,收购目的,收购资金数额,资金来源;
(二)申请单位前三年的资产负债表、损益表和业务状况报告;
(三)可行性研究报告;
(四)中国人民银行要求提交的其他有关文件。
第十五条 境外金融机构有下列变更之一的,其境内投资单位应当于事前向中国人民银行提出申请,由中国人民银行审批:
(一)代表机构升为分支机构;
(二)撤销代表机构、分支机构、中资或者中外合资金融机构;
(三)调整中外合资金融机构的股份比例或者增资。
第十六条 境外金融机构的境内投资单位应当于每年七月三十一日前向所在地中国人民银行省级分行报送境外金融机构上半年工作报告,其内容包括:机构人员变化情况,存款放款分析,汇出汇入款项分析,进出口结算分析,投资项目分析和外汇、证券、黄金买卖分析。上述报告由中国人民银行省级分行转报中国人民银行。
第十七条 境外金融机构的境内投资单位应当于每年三月三十一日前向所在地中国人民银行省级分行报送境外金融机构上一年度的资产负债表、损益表和年度工作报告,并由中国人民银行省级分行转报中国人民银行。
第十八条 中国人民银行及其各省级分行有权对境外金融机构的工作进行监督。
第十九条 违反本办法第七条的规定,未经中国人民银行批准,在境外设立或者收购金融机构的,中国人民银行有权冻结境内投资单位相应数额的外汇或者人民币存款,责令其撤销境外金融机构或者限期补办审批手续,并追究主要负责人和直接责任人员的责任。
违反本办法第十五条规定的,中国人民银行有权冻结境内投资单位相应数额的外汇或者人民币存款,并责令其对境外金融机构进行停业整顿。
违反本办法第十六条、第十七条规定,情节严重的,中国人民银行对境内投资单位可处以人民币十万元以下罚款。
违反外汇管理的,依照国家有关规定予以处罚。
第二十条 本办法施行前未经中国人民银行批准,已在境外设立或者收购金融机构的,应当在中国人民银行规定的期限内,依照本办法的规定补办审批手续。
第二十一条 本办法不适用于在中国境内设立的外商投资企业。
第二十二条 本办法由中国人民银行负责解释。
第二十三条 本办法自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHINESE FINANCIAL INSTITU-TIONS ABROAD

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHINESE FINANCIAL INSTITU-
TIONS ABROAD
(Approved by the State Council on March 12, 1990 and promulgated
by Decree No. 1 of the People's Bank of China on April 13, 1990)
Article 1
These Procedures are formulated for the purpose of strengthening the
administration of Chinese financial institutions outside China and
ensuring the sound development of financial undertakings.
Article 2
All banking and non-banking financial institutions inside China
(hereinafter collectively referred to as "domestic financial
institutions"), all non-financial corporations, enterprises and other
organizations inside China (hereinafter collectively referred to as
"domestic non-financial institutions"), all Chinese-invested banking and
non-banking financial institutions outside China (hereinafter collectively
referred to as "Chinese-invested financial institutions abroad"), and all
Chinese-invested non-financial corporations, enterprises and other
organizations outside China (hereinafter collectively referred to as
"Chinese-invested non-financial institutions abroad") that wish to invest
in the establishment or purchase of a financial institution abroad shall
abide by these Procedures.
The term "financial institutions abroad" referred to in the preceding
paragraph denotes institutions which are established or purchased abroad
by domestic financial institutions or non-financial institutions, or
Chinese-invested financial institutions or non-financial institutions
abroad and which engage in such financial business operations as deposits,
loans, discount of negotiable instruments, settlements, trust investment,
financial lease, guarantees, insurance and deals in securities.
Article 3
The organ to examine, approve and administer the establishment or purchase
of financial institutions abroad is the People's Bank of China.
Article 4
A domestic financial institution that applies for the establishment or
purchase of a financial institution abroad shall satisfy the following
requirements:
1) it has been approved by the State Council or the People's Bank of
China, has been registered in accordance with the law and holds a Licence
of Financial Business Operations issued by the People's Bank of China;
2) it has been permitted by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control to handle foreign exchange operations, holds a Licence of Foreign
Exchange Operations issued by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control and has the experience in handling foreign exchange operations for
over three years and the required specialized personnel;
3) it possesses legitimate sources of funds in foreign exchange; and
4) it possesses a foreign exchange fund of its own equivalent to no less
than 80 million Renminbi yuan.
Article 5
A domestic non-financial institution that applies for the establishment or
purchase of a financial institution abroad shall satisfy the following
requirements:
1) it is a large corporation or enterprise that has been established upon
approval by the department concerned and has been registered in accordance
with the law; 2) it has a group corporation or group enterprise or other
large enterprise operating abroad with a relatively solid foundation and
good prospect of making profit; 3) it has been permitted by the department
in charge to establish a financial institution abroad and possesses a
foreign exchange fund of its own equivalent to no less than 100 million
Renminbi yuan; and
4) it possesses the specialized personnel required for handling financial
and foreign exchange operations.
Article 6
A Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution
abroad that applies for the establishment or purchase of a financial
institution abroad shall satisfy the following requirements:
1) it has been established abroad upon approval by the department in
charge in accordance with the law, possessing the official document of
approval and the documents certifying that it is engaged in legitimate
business operations in the locality; 2) the Chinese-invested financial
institutions in the locality where the intended financial institution is
to be established or purchased are in a relatively weak position, which
renders it necessary to establish the financial institution; and 3) the
application submitted is in conformity with the law of the country or
region concerned.
Article 7
The application for the establishment or purchase of a financial
institution abroad shall be submitted for approval in accordance with the
following provisions:
1) the application by a domestic financial institution for the
establishment abroad of a representative agency, a branch office, or for
the establishment abroad of a Chinese-invested financial institution or a
Chinese-foreign joint financial institution, or for the purchase of a
financial institution abroad, shall be submitted to the People's Bank of
China for approval;
2) the application by a domestic non-financial institution for the
establishment abroad of a Chinese-invested financial institution or a
Chinese-foreign joint financial institution or for the purchase of a
financial institution abroad shall, upon verification and consent by the
department in charge which has solicited the opinions of the Ministry of
Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, be submitted to the People's Bank of
China for approval; and
3) the application by a Chinese-invested financial institution or non-
financial institution abroad for the establishment or purchase of a
financial institution abroad shall, after its domestic investing unit has
solicited the opinions of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade, be submitted to the People's Republic of China for approval.
Article 8
For the establishment or purchase of a financial institution abroad, the
domestic investing unit concerned shall apply to the People's Bank of
China. The application shall clearly state the name of the financial
institution to be established or purchased, its business scope, the
conditions, and the necessity therefor. After the content has been
examined, verified and filed as an item for processing by the People's
Bank of China, the application shall be submitted in accordance with the
provisions of these Procedures.
The People's Bank of China shall examine the application submitted by the
applying unit and shall, within three months of receipt of the same, make
the decision as to whether or not it will grant the approval.
Article 9
After the establishment or purchase of a financial institution abroad has
been approved, the domestic investing unit concerned shall, on the
strength of the document of approval by the People's Bank of China and in
accordance with the pertinent provisions, approach the State
Administration of Foreign Exchange Control and go through the procedures
to remit abroad the required foreign exchange.
Article 10
A domestic financial institution that applies for the establishment abroad
of a representative agency shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed representative
agency, its address, the name of the chief representative and his/her
curriculum vitae; and
2) the estimated expense of the proposed agency and the certificate of its
source of foreign exchange.
Article 11
A domestic financial institution that applies for the establishment abroad
of a branch office shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed branch office,
its address, the amount of its operating funds, the type(s) of business
operations, the curriculum vitae of the chief person in charge;
2) the statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and
profit, and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years
prior to the submission of the application;
3) the feasibility study report; and
4) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 12
A domestic financial institution or non-financial institution or a
Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution abroad
that applies for the establishment abroad of a Chinese-invested financial
institution shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed Chinese-
invested financial institution, its address, its registered capital and
the actual capital, the source(s) of funds, the type(s) of business
operations and the curriculum vitae of the chief person in charge; 2) the
statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and profit,
and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years prior
to the submission of the application;
3) the feasibility study report; and
4) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 13
A domestic financial institution or non-financial institution or a
Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution abroad
that applies for the establishment abroad of a Chinese-foreign joint
financial institution shall submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the proposed Chinese-
foreign joint financial institution, its registered capital and the actual
capital, the type(s) of business operations, the names of the respective
investing parties and the percentage of their respective capital
contributions, the source(s) of funds of the Chinese investor(s), and the
curriculum vitae of the chief person in charge;
2) the statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and
profit, and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years
prior to the submission of the application;
3) the agreement, the contract and the articles of association of the
joint financial institution initialled by the respective investing parties
thereto;
4) the feasibility study report; and
5) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 14
A domestic financial institution or non-financial institution or a
Chinese-invested financial institution or non-financial institution abroad
that applies for the purchase of a financial institution abroad shall
submit the following documents:
1) an application duly signed by the chief person in charge of the
applying unit, which shall include the name of the financial institution
that is to be purchased, its address, the articles of association, the
total capital and total assets, the state of affairs of the institution
and its personnel, its financial position, the reasons of the purchase and
the objectives thereof, the amount of the fund needed for the purchase,
and the source(s) of the fund;
2) the statements of assets and liabilities, the statements of loss and
profit, and the financial reports of the applying unit for the three years
prior to the submission of the application;
3) the feasibility study report; and
4) other relevant documents required by the People's Bank of China.
Article 15
If a financial institution abroad is to make any one of the following
changes, its domestic investing unit shall in advance submit an
application to the People's Bank of China for examination and approval:
1) if a representative agency is to be upgraded to a branch office;
2) if a representative agency, or a branch office, or a Chinese-invested
financial institution or a Chinese-foreign joint financial institution is
to be disbanded; and 3) if the percentages of the shares held by the
respective investing parties to a Chinese-foreign joint financial
institution are to be adjusted or if the capital is to be increased.
Article 16
The domestic investing unit of a financial institution abroad shall, prior
to the date of July 31 every year, submit to the provincial branch bank of
the People's Bank of China in the locality where it is situated the work
report of the financial institution abroad for the first half of the year,
which shall include the changes in the personnel of the institution, a
breakdown of the deposits and loans, a breakdown of the money sent abroad
or received therefrom; a breakdown of the import and export settlements,
an analysis of the projects of investment and an analysis of the business
transactions in foreign exchange, securities and gold. The afore-said
report shall then be transmitted to the People's Bank of China by its
provincial branch bank.
Article 17
The domestic investing unit of a financial institution abroad shall, prior
to the date of March 31 every year, submit to the provincial branch bank
of the People's Bank of China the statement of assets and liabilities, the
statement of loss and profit, and the annual work report of the financial
institution abroad for the previous fiscal year, which shall then be
transmitted to the People's Bank of China by its provincial branch bank.
Article 18
The People's Bank of China and its various provincial branch banks shall
have the right to exercise supervision over the work of the financial
institutions abroad.
Article 19
If any party, in violation of the provisions in Article 7 of these
Procedures, establishes or purchases a financial institution abroad
without the approval of the People's Bank of China, the People's Bank of
China shall have the right to freeze a corresponding amount of the foreign
exchange of the domestic investing unit thereof or of its Renminbi
deposits, order it to disband the financial institution abroad or set a
deadline for it to make up for the procedures of application for
examination and approval, and conduct close investigations into the
liability of the chief person in charge of the unit and of those who are
directly responsible therefor. If any party violates the provisions in
Article 15 of these Procedures, the People's Bank of China shall have the
right to freeze a corresponding amount of the foreign exchange of the
domestic investing unit thereof or of its Renminbi deposits and order it
to stop the business operations of the financial institution abroad for
rectification. If any party violates the provisions in Articles 16 and 17
of these Procedures, to a serious extent, the People's Bank of China may
impose a fine of 100,000 Renminbi yuan or less on the domestic investing
unit thereof.
Any party violates the regulations concerning foreign exchange control
shall be penalized in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the
State.
Article 20
If any party has, before these Procedures go into effect, established or
purchased a financial institution abroad without approval of the People's
Bank of China, it shall, within the time limit prescribed by the People's
Bank of China, make up for the procedures of application for examination
and approval.
Article 21
These Procedures shall not apply to the enterprises with foreign
investment inside China.
Article 22
The People's Bank of China shall be responsible for the interpretation of
these Procedures.
Article 23
These Procedures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


  一、修改后刑诉法对诉讼监督的新规定
 
修改后刑诉法对检察机关诉讼监督工作新增了12个方面的规定和任务,其中侦查监督4项,审判监督3项,监所监督2项,既有侦查监督又有审判监督的2项,既有审判监督又有非刑罚执行监督的1项。其内容为:

(1)对阻碍辩护人、诉讼代理人依法行使诉讼权利的监督。即第47条规定的“辩护人、诉讼代理人认为公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院及其工作人员阻碍其依法行使诉讼权利的,有权向同级或者上一级人民检察院申诉或者控告。人民检察院对申诉或者控告应当及时进行审查,情况属实的,通知有关机关予以纠正”。

(2)对侦查人员非法收集证据的监督。即第55条规定的“人民检察院接到报案、控告、举报或者发现侦查人员以非法方法收集证据的,应当进行调查核实。对于确有以非法方法收集证据情形的,应当提出纠正意见;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任”。

(3)对指定居所监视居住的监督。即第73条规定的“人民检察院对指定居所监视居住的决定和执行是否合法实行监督”。

(4)继续羁押必要性审查。即第39条规定的“犯罪嫌疑人、被告人被逮捕后,人民检察院仍应当对羁押的必要性进行审查。对不需要继续羁押的,应当建议予以释放或者变更强制措施。有关机关应当在10日以内将处理情况通知人民检察院”。

(5)对强制措施和强制性侦查措施等的监督。即第115条规定的,当事人和辩护人、诉讼代理人、利害关系人对于司法机关及其工作人员有采取强制措施法定期限届满,不予释放、解除或者变更;应当退还取保候审保证金不退还,对与案件无关的财物采取查封、扣押、冻结措施;应当解除查封、扣押、冻结不解除;贪污、挪用、私分、调换、违反规定使用查封、扣押、冻结的财物等5种行为之一的,有权向该机关申诉或者控告。对该机关受理申诉或者控告作出的处理不服的,可以向同级或上一级人民检察院申诉。人民检察院对申诉应当及时进行审查,情况属实的,通知有关机关予以纠正。

(6)要求侦查机关(部门)对证据收集的合法性作出说明。即第171条规定的人民检察院审查案件,“认为可能存在本法第五十四条规定的以非法方法收集证据情形的,可以要求其对证据收集的合法性作出说明”。

(7)对死刑复核进行监督。即第240条规定的“在复核死刑案件过程中,最高人民检察院可以向最高人民法院提出意见。最高人民法院应当将死刑复核结果通报最高人民检察院”。

(8)对再审庭审活动的监督。即第245条规定的“人民法院开庭审理的再审案件,同级人民检察院应当派员出席法庭”。

(9)对暂予监外执行的同步监督。即第255条规定的“监狱、看守所提出暂予监外执行的书面意见的,应当将书面意见的副本抄送人民检察院。人民检察院可以向决定或者批准机关提出书面意见”。

(10)对减刑、假释的同步监督。即第262条规定的被判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑或者无期徒刑的罪犯,执行机关提出减刑、假释建议书报请人民法院审核时,应将建议书副本抄送人民检察院。人民检察院可以向人民法院提出书面意见。

(11)对没收违法所得裁定的监督。即第282条规定的人民检察院对于人民法院关于没收违法所得的裁定可以提出抗诉。

(12)对强制医疗决定和执行的监督,即第289条规定的“人民检察院对强制医疗的决定和执行实行监督”。

二、修改后刑诉法对诉讼监督新规定对诉讼监督制度的意义

修改后刑诉法对诉讼监督的新规定,为检察机关的诉讼监督提供了广阔的发展空间,对于完善诉讼监督制度具有重要意义。

1.充实了监督内容。现行刑诉法虽然在总则中(第8条)规定了“人民检察院依法对刑事诉讼实行法律监督”这一原则,但在刑诉法分则中,该原则体现得相当原则和笼统。总则与分则之间的这种断层与不协调,致使刑事诉讼监督工作举步维艰,刑诉法总则规定的法律监督原则难以落到实处。修改后刑诉法的上述规定,充实了分则中关于诉讼监督的内容,使总则中规定的法律监督原则在分则中得到进一步体现,为强化法律监督提供了法律依据。

2.拓宽了监督范围。现行刑诉法仅对立案监督、侦查活动监督、审判监督、刑罚执行和监所监督等有原则规定。修改后刑诉法新增的规定,有的拓宽了监督领域,如强制医疗执行监督属于非刑罚执行方式的监督,指定居所监视居住的监督是对强制措施执行的监督,显然是拓宽了监督领域。有的拓宽了监督范围,如死刑复核监督。死刑复核程序是一种特殊的审判程序,刑诉法将其单列一章进行规定,其实死刑复核程序从大概念来说属于审判程序,但有关部门对其性质认识不一,现行刑诉法分则也未对死刑复核法律监督作出规定。修改后刑诉法规定了对死刑复核的监督,从而拓宽了诉讼监督的范围。又如继续羁押必要性审查,过去仅对超期羁押的予以监督,而对期限内的羁押则未列入监督范围。修改后刑诉法为了保障被羁押人的权利,规定了羁押必要性的审查,也是对监督范围的拓宽。还有些规定是拓宽了诉讼监督的角度和层面。如现行刑诉法仅从针对有权机关的违法行为或处理诉讼当事人举报、申诉的角度来规定诉讼监督,这次还从受理律师申诉、控告角度,规定了对阻碍辩护人、诉讼代理人依法行使诉讼权利的监督。

3.完善了监督方式。如对暂予监外执行和减刑、假释的监督,现行刑诉法仅规定“人民检察院对执行机关执行刑罚的活动是否合法实行监督。如果发现有违法的情况,应当通知执行机关纠正”。但是,法律未赋予人民检察院发现违法的必要渠道,影响了检察院对违法的及时发现;同时,这种事后监督充其量只能救济于已然,而不能防范于未然,影响了法律监督的效果。修改后刑诉法赋予了检察机关掌握暂予监外执行和减刑、假释审批活动的渠道,规定监狱、看守所应当将暂予监外执行书面意见的副本和减刑、假释建议书的副本抄送人民检察院,让人民检察院提出意见,这就把原来的事后监督转变为同步监督,有利于防止暂予监外执行和减刑、假释中违法行为的发生,增强监督的效果。

4.增强了监督刚性。作为国家法律监督机关代表国家提出的监督意见,应当具有一定的刚性,产生一定的法律效果。修改后刑诉法关于阻碍辩护人、诉讼代理人依法行使诉讼权利的监督、强制措施和强制性侦查措施的监督,都规定“情况属实的,通知有关机关予以纠正”;对继续羁押必要性的审查,当检察机关提出予以释放或变更强制措施的建议后,“有关机关应当在十日以内将处理情况通知人民检察院”,从而使监督的刚性有了一定程度的增强。

三、修改后刑诉法关于诉讼监督的新规定对检察制度的理论意义

修改后刑诉法对诉讼监督的新规定,对于捍卫和完善中国特色社会主义检察制度,具有重要的理论意义。

检察机关是否应当对诉讼活动实行法律监督,中国检察机关的性质究竟是公诉机关还是法律监督机关,在诉讼理论和检察制度理论上素有不同认识。有观点认为,检察机关的职能可分为追诉和诉讼监督两大部分,前者包括职务犯罪侦查和公诉,后者包括批捕和立案监督、侦查活动监督、审判监督、监所监督。这两部分职能在诉讼构造、诉讼角色、诉讼心理等方面都存在矛盾冲突,检察机关集追诉职能与诉讼监督职能于一身,使检察官既是运动员又是裁判员,违反了诉讼规律,破坏了控辩平等,影响了法官中立,其弊端十分明显。有的甚至认为,检察机关的法律监督“阻碍国家权威的生成,助长冤假错案,危害社会稳定,损害国家利益”,因而需要通过司法改革予以协调或解决。其改革的思路,有的主张将追诉职能与诉讼监督职能适当分开由检察机关内部不同部门行使;有的则主张取消检察机关的诉讼监督职能乃至国家法律监督机关的性质,使之仅是追诉机关或公诉机关。然而,修改后刑诉法不仅没有取消反而进一步强化了检察机关的诉讼监督职能,新增了一系列诉讼监督任务。这说明,在立法者看来,检察机关的追诉与诉讼监督这两部分职能不存在根本的利害冲突,它们完全可以共存于一体,都由检察机关来承担。这就回应了一些人认为应当取消检察机关的诉讼监督职能乃至国家监督机关的性质的错误观点,廓清了理论误区,对于捍卫和完善中国特色社会主义检察制度,具有重要理论意义。

追诉与诉讼监督之所以能够共存一体,是因为检察机关追诉职能与诉讼监督职能既有矛盾冲突的一面,又有协调一致的一面,关键看能否依法理解和把握。如果不能依法理解和把握,其矛盾冲突的一面就会凸显出来;如能依法理解和把握,其矛盾冲突就会消解,协调一致的一面就会显现。

二者协调一致主要表现在:一是追诉职能有监督制约的性质,如职务犯罪侦查是对国家公职人员履行职务合法性的监督;公诉是对侦查活动和审判活动的制约。诉讼监督职能一旦启动也有追诉的某些属性,如对诉讼监督中发现的违法犯罪线索进行调查,予以纠正,有时就有一定的追诉属性。二是我国检察机关是法律监督机关,无论是追诉职能还是诉讼监督职能,都统一于、服从于、服务于法律监督;三是检察机关无论行使何种职能,都要恪守检察官客观公正义务,既依法追诉犯罪,又依法维护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益。